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Question-1. What is Standard ML?
Answer-1: Standard ML (SML) is a functional programming language with strong static typing and type inference.
Question-2. Who developed Standard ML?
Answer-2: Standard ML was developed by Robin Milner and others in the 1980s.
Question-3. What does "ML" stand for in Standard ML?
Answer-3: ML stands for "MetaLanguage."
Question-4. What is the purpose of Standard ML?
Answer-4: SML is designed for writing reliable, modular, and reusable code, often used in research and teaching.
Question-5. What type of language is SML?
Answer-5: SML is a functional, statically typed, and declarative language.
Question-6. What is type inference in SML?
Answer-6: Type inference allows SML to automatically deduce the types of expressions without explicit annotations.
Question-7. What is the basic structure of an SML program?
Answer-7: An SML program consists of expressions, declarations, and functions.
Question-8. How do you declare a variable in SML?
Answer-8: Use the val keyword, e.g., val x = 10;.
Question-9. How do you define a function in SML?
Answer-9: Use fun, e.g., fun add(x, y) = x + y;.
Question-10. What is a tuple in SML?
Answer-10: A tuple is an ordered collection of values, e.g., (1, "apple", true).
Question-11. How does SML handle immutability?
Answer-11: All variables in SML are immutable, meaning their values cannot change after declaration.
Question-12. What are patterns in SML?
Answer-12: Patterns are used to match the structure of data, e.g., in function definitions or case expressions.
Question-13. How do you create a list in SML?
Answer-13: Use square brackets, e.g., [1, 2, 3].
Question-14. What is the hd function in SML?
Answer-14: hd returns the first element of a list, e.g., hd [1, 2, 3] returns 1.
Question-15. What is the tl function in SML?
Answer-15: tl returns the list without the first element, e.g., tl [1, 2, 3] returns [2, 3].
Question-16. How do you append two lists in SML?
Answer-16: Use the @ operator, e.g., [1, 2] @ [3, 4].
Question-17. What is a record in SML?
Answer-17: A record is a collection of named fields, e.g., {name="Alice", age=25}.
Question-18. What is a datatype in SML?
Answer-18: A datatype is a user-defined type, e.g., `datatype color = Red
Question-19. What is the purpose of the case expression in SML?
Answer-19: case is used for pattern matching on data, e.g., `case x of 1 => "One"
Question-20. How do you define a recursive function in SML?
Answer-20: Use fun with recursion, e.g., `fun factorial 0 = 1
Question-21. What is the let expression in SML?
Answer-21: let allows local declarations, e.g., let val x = 10 in x + 20 end.
Question-22. What are exceptions in SML?
Answer-22: Exceptions are used to handle errors or unexpected situations, e.g., exception Error;.
Question-23. How do you raise an exception in SML?
Answer-23: Use the raise keyword, e.g., raise Error;.
Question-24. How do you handle exceptions in SML?
Answer-24: Use handle, e.g., expr handle Error => result.
Question-25. What is a signature in SML?
Answer-25: A signature is a module interface specifying types and values, e.g., sig val x: int end.
Question-26. What is a structure in SML?
Answer-26: A structure is a module that implements a signature, e.g., struct val x = 10 end.
Question-27. What is a functor in SML?
Answer-27: A functor is a module that takes other modules as parameters and returns a new module.
Question-28. How do you define a map function in SML?
Answer-28: Use a higher-order function, e.g., `fun map f [] = []
Question-29. What is the :: operator in SML?
Answer-29: :: is the cons operator, used to add an element to the front of a list, e.g., 1::[2,3].
Question-30. How do you calculate the length of a list in SML?
Answer-30: Use the length function, e.g., length [1, 2, 3].
Question-31. How do you check if a list is empty in SML?
Answer-31: Use the null function, e.g., null [] returns true.
Question-32. What is the Option type in SML?
Answer-32: Option is a type that can either be NONE or SOME(value).
Question-33. What is the foldl function in SML?
Answer-33: foldl applies a function left-to-right on a list, e.g., foldl op+ 0 [1, 2, 3].
Question-34. What is the foldr function in SML?
Answer-34: foldr applies a function right-to-left on a list, e.g., foldr op+ 0 [1, 2, 3].
Question-35. What is currying in SML?
Answer-35: Currying allows functions to take arguments one at a time, e.g., fun add x y = x + y;.
Question-36. How do you define a polymorphic function in SML?
Answer-36: Use type variables, e.g., fun id x = x;.
Question-37. What is the role of the val keyword in SML?
Answer-37: val declares and binds variables, e.g., val x = 10;.
Question-38. What is shadowing in SML?
Answer-38: Shadowing occurs when a new declaration with the same name as an existing one hides the old one.
Question-39. What is the purpose of the infix keyword?
Answer-39: infix defines custom infix operators, e.g., infix ++;.
Question-40. What is the ref type in SML?
Answer-40: ref creates mutable references, e.g., val x = ref 10;.
Question-41. How do you update a ref value in SML?
Answer-41: Use :=, e.g., x := 20;.
Question-42. How do you access a ref value in SML?
Answer-42: Use the ! operator, e.g., !x.
Question-43. What is tail recursion in SML?
Answer-43: Tail recursion ensures that recursive calls don't add to the call stack, improving efficiency.
Question-44. How do you import a library in SML?
Answer-44: Use the use function, e.g., use "library.sml";.
Question-45. What are equality types in SML?
Answer-45: Equality types ('a eqtype) support comparison using = and <>.
Question-46. What is the real type in SML?
Answer-46: real is a type for floating-point numbers, e.g., val pi:real = 3.14159;.
Question-47. How do you convert an int to a real in SML?
Answer-47: Use the real function, e.g., real 5.
Question-48. What are higher-order functions in SML?
Answer-48: Higher-order functions take other functions as arguments or return them as results.
Question-49. How does SML handle operator overloading?
Answer-49: Operators like + and * are overloaded for multiple types like int and real.
Question-50. What is the difference between fun and val for functions?
Answer-50: fun defines a function directly, while val can be used with anonymous functions (lambdas).
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