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Question-1. What is the Oz programming language?
Answer-1: Oz is a multi-paradigm programming language that supports functional, logic, imperative, and concurrent programming.
Question-2. Who developed the Oz language?
Answer-2: Oz was developed by the Programming Systems Lab at Saarland University and later refined by the Mozart Consortium.
Question-3. What is the main implementation of Oz?
Answer-3: The main implementation of Oz is the Mozart Programming System.
Question-4. What are the key paradigms supported by Oz?
Answer-4: Oz supports functional, logic, imperative, concurrent, and distributed programming.
Question-5. What file extension is used for Oz programs?
Answer-5: The .oz file extension is used for Oz programs.
Question-6. How do you declare a variable in Oz?
Answer-6: Variables in Oz are declared implicitly when first used, as Oz uses dataflow variables.
Question-7. What is a dataflow variable in Oz?
Answer-7: A dataflow variable is a logic variable that can be assigned a value only once and is used for concurrent synchronization.
Question-8. How do you define a function in Oz?
Answer-8: A function is defined using fun keyword, e.g., fun {Add X Y} X+Y end.
Question-9. How do you call a function in Oz?
Answer-9: A function is called using curly brackets, e.g., {Add 3 5}.
Question-10. What are atoms in Oz?
Answer-10: Atoms are symbolic constants, written with a leading lowercase letter, e.g., hello.
Question-11. What is pattern matching in Oz?
Answer-11: Pattern matching is used to decompose data structures, typically done using case expressions.
Question-12. How do you define a list in Oz?
Answer-12: A list is defined using vertical bars, e.g., [1 2 3] or `1
Question-13. What is the significance of nil in Oz?
Answer-13: nil represents an empty list in Oz.
Question-14. How do you perform recursion in Oz?
Answer-14: Recursion is performed by defining a function that calls itself, e.g., fun {Fact N} if N==0 then 1 else N*{Fact N-1} end end.
Question-15. How does Oz handle concurrency?
Answer-15: Oz supports concurrency through lightweight threads and declarative dataflow synchronization.
Question-16. What is a thread in Oz?
Answer-16: A thread in Oz is created using the thread keyword, allowing parallel execution.
Question-17. How do you create a thread in Oz?
Answer-17: A thread is created using thread {FunctionCall} end.
Question-18. What is a port in Oz?
Answer-18: A port is a communication mechanism used for sending messages between threads.
Question-19. How does Oz handle exception handling?
Answer-19: Exception handling in Oz is done using the try...catch construct.
Question-20. What is a record in Oz?
Answer-20: A record is a data structure that groups values under labels, e.g., person(name: "Alice" age: 25).
Question-21. How do you access elements of a record in Oz?
Answer-21: Use dot notation, e.g., P.name if P is a record.
Question-22. What is the case construct used for in Oz?
Answer-22: case is used for pattern matching and handling different structures of data.
Question-23. What is the difference between a procedure and a function in Oz?
Answer-23: A function returns a value, whereas a procedure does not return anything explicitly.
Question-24. How do you define a procedure in Oz?
Answer-24: A procedure is defined using proc {ProcName Args} ... end.
Question-25. What is lazy evaluation in Oz?
Answer-25: Lazy evaluation delays computation until the result is needed.
Question-26. How do you define a lazy function in Oz?
Answer-26: Using fun lazy, e.g., `fun lazy {InfiniteNumbers X} X
Question-27. How do you define a tuple in Oz?
Answer-27: A tuple is defined using parentheses, e.g., point(3 4).
Question-28. How does Oz support object-oriented programming?
Answer-28: Oz supports objects using classes and messages for method invocation.
Question-29. How do you define a class in Oz?
Answer-29: Using class ... end, e.g., class Counter attr value meth inc() value := @value+1 end end.
Question-30. How do you create an object in Oz?
Answer-30: Using New, e.g., C = {New Counter init()}.
Question-31. How do you send a message to an object in Oz?
Answer-31: Using dot notation, e.g., C.inc().
Question-32. What is unification in Oz?
Answer-32: Unification is the process of assigning a value to a dataflow variable.
Question-33. What is a declarative constraint in Oz?
Answer-33: A declarative constraint restricts possible values of variables in logic programming.
Question-34. What is an abstract data type in Oz?
Answer-34: It is a data type where implementation details are hidden from the user.
Question-35. What is the functor construct used for in Oz?
Answer-35: functor is used for modular programming, packaging definitions and functions together.
Question-36. How do you import modules in Oz?
Answer-36: Using import inside a functor, e.g., import Application.
Question-37. How does Oz handle distributed programming?
Answer-37: Oz allows transparent distribution of computations across multiple nodes.
Question-38. What is an active object in Oz?
Answer-38: An active object has its own thread of execution and processes messages concurrently.
Question-39. How do you perform inter-process communication in Oz?
Answer-39: Using ports and message passing.
Question-40. What is constraint programming in Oz?
Answer-40: Constraint programming allows variables to be restricted to specific values using constraints.
Question-41. How do you define a constraint in Oz?
Answer-41: Using the FD (finite domain) module, e.g., X::1..10.
Question-42. What is the role of space in Oz constraint solving?
Answer-42: A space represents a search state in constraint programming.
Question-43. What is the difference between deterministic and non-deterministic computation in Oz?
Answer-43: Deterministic computation has a single outcome, while non-deterministic computation can explore multiple possibilities.
Question-44. How do you implement backtracking in Oz?
Answer-44: Oz provides built-in support for backtracking via search trees and logic variables.
Question-45. What are first-class procedures in Oz?
Answer-45: First-class procedures are functions that can be assigned to variables and passed as arguments.
Question-46. How do you perform higher-order programming in Oz?
Answer-46: By passing functions as arguments to other functions.
Question-47. What is the choice construct in Oz?
Answer-47: choice is used for non-deterministic programming, allowing multiple possible branches.
Question-48. How does Oz differ from Prolog?
Answer-48: Oz integrates logic programming with functional and concurrent programming, while Prolog focuses purely on logic programming.
Question-49. Can Oz be used for web development?
Answer-49: Yes, Oz can be used for web development using the appropriate libraries.
Question-50. What is the future of the Oz language?
Answer-50: While Oz is not widely used in mainstream development, it remains an important language for research in programming paradigms.
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