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Question-1. What is Prolog?
Answer-1: Prolog is a logic programming language used for solving problems involving relationships and rules.
Question-2. Who developed Prolog, and when?
Answer-2: Alain Colmerauer and Robert Kowalski developed Prolog in the early 1970s.
Question-3. What is the primary paradigm of Prolog?
Answer-3: Prolog follows the declarative programming paradigm.
Question-4. What does "Prolog" stand for?
Answer-4: Prolog stands for "Programming in Logic."
Question-5. What are facts in Prolog?
Answer-5: Facts are statements about relationships or properties, e.g., parent(john, mary).
Question-6. What are rules in Prolog?
Answer-6: Rules define logical relationships between facts, e.g., grandparent(X, Y) :- parent(X, Z), parent(Z, Y).
Question-7. What are queries in Prolog?
Answer-7: Queries are questions asked to the Prolog system to infer information from facts and rules.
Question-8. What is backtracking in Prolog?
Answer-8: Backtracking is Prolog's process of exploring all possible solutions to find answers.
Question-9. What is a predicate in Prolog?
Answer-9: A predicate is a named relation that represents facts or rules, e.g., likes(john, pizza).
Question-10. How does Prolog handle variables?
Answer-10: Variables in Prolog are denoted by uppercase letters or underscores, e.g., X or _Var.
Question-11. What is unification in Prolog?
Answer-11: Unification is the process of matching terms to satisfy a query or rule.
Question-12. How does Prolog differ from procedural languages?
Answer-12: Prolog specifies what to compute rather than how to compute it, unlike procedural languages.
Question-13. What is the :- operator in Prolog?
Answer-13: :- is the "if" operator, used to define rules.
Question-14. What are lists in Prolog?
Answer-14: Lists are ordered collections of elements, written as `[Head
Question-15. How does Prolog represent "true" and "false"?
Answer-15: In Prolog, a goal that succeeds is true, and one that fails is false.
Question-16. What is the use of the cut operator (!) in Prolog?
Answer-16: The cut operator prevents backtracking beyond a certain point in a query.
Question-17. What is recursion in Prolog?
Answer-17: Recursion in Prolog is a rule that calls itself, used for repetitive tasks or structures.
Question-18. What are atoms in Prolog?
Answer-18: Atoms are constant symbols, usually strings of characters starting with lowercase letters.
Question-19. How does Prolog perform pattern matching?
Answer-19: Prolog uses unification for pattern matching in facts, rules, and queries.
Question-20. What is the difference between = and is in Prolog?
Answer-20: =' checks for term equality, while is evaluates arithmetic expressions.
Question-21. What is a clause in Prolog?
Answer-21: A clause is either a fact or a rule in Prolog.
Question-22. What is Prolog?s approach to arithmetic?
Answer-22: Prolog uses predicates like is, <, and > for arithmetic operations.
Question-23. How are comments written in Prolog?
Answer-23: Comments are written using % for single-line comments or /* ... */ for multi-line comments.
Question-24. What is the fail predicate in Prolog?
Answer-24: fail always fails, forcing backtracking.
Question-25. How does Prolog handle negation?
Answer-25: Prolog uses negation as failure, represented by \+.
Question-26. What are Prolog?s built-in predicates?
Answer-26: Examples include write, read, length, append, and member.
Question-27. How are dynamic facts managed in Prolog?
Answer-27: Dynamic facts are declared using dynamic and modified with predicates like assert and retract.
Question-28. What is the member predicate in Prolog?
Answer-28: member(Element, List) checks if Element belongs to List.
Question-29. How are strings represented in Prolog?
Answer-29: Strings are represented as lists of characters or enclosed in double quotes.
Question-30. What is the difference between assert and retract in Prolog?
Answer-30: assert adds a fact/rule to the database, and retract removes it.
Question-31. What is tail recursion in Prolog?
Answer-31: Tail recursion occurs when the recursive call is the last operation in a rule.
Question-32. What is the append predicate in Prolog?
Answer-32: append(List1, List2, Result) concatenates List1 and List2 into Result.
Question-33. How does Prolog handle file I/O?
Answer-33: Prolog handles file I/O using predicates like open, close, read, and write.
Question-34. What is the use of the findall predicate in Prolog?
Answer-34: findall collects all solutions to a query into a list.
Question-35. How does Prolog handle anonymous variables?
Answer-35: Anonymous variables are represented by _ and match any value without being bound.
Question-36. What is the difference between call and execute in Prolog?
Answer-36: call executes a goal dynamically, whereas execute is not a Prolog-specific concept.
Question-37. How does Prolog implement logical AND and OR?
Answer-37: Logical AND is represented by a comma (,), and OR is represented by a semicolon (;).
Question-38. What is the purpose of the consult predicate in Prolog?
Answer-38: consult loads a Prolog file into the current session.
Question-39. How is equality tested in Prolog?
Answer-39: Equality is tested using the = operator for terms and == for strict equality.
Question-40. What are DCGs (Definite Clause Grammars) in Prolog?
Answer-40: DCGs are used to describe and parse grammars using Prolog rules.
Question-41. What is the length predicate in Prolog?
Answer-41: length(List, N) determines the length of List as N.
Question-42. How is negation implemented in Prolog?
Answer-42: Negation is implemented using \+ for "not provable."
Question-43. How does Prolog handle infinite loops?
Answer-43: Infinite loops occur if rules are recursive without a base case; they must be avoided programmatically.
Question-44. What is the difference between Prolog's = and unify_with_occurs_check?
Answer-44: unify_with_occurs_check prevents self-referencing structures during unification.
Question-45. How does Prolog support meta-programming?
Answer-45: Prolog supports meta-programming through predicates like call and manipulation of clauses.
Question-46. What is the once predicate in Prolog?
Answer-46: once(Goal) ensures that only the first solution to Goal is found.
Question-47. What is the use of Prolog in AI?
Answer-47: Prolog is used in AI for tasks like natural language processing, expert systems, and knowledge representation.
Question-48. How are compound terms represented in Prolog?
Answer-48: Compound terms are represented as Functor(Arguments), e.g., point(1, 2).
Question-49. What is the purpose of Prolog's database predicates?
Answer-49: Database predicates like assert and retract allow dynamic modification of facts and rules.
Question-50. How does Prolog handle control flow?
Answer-50: Control flow in Prolog is managed through predicates, backtracking, and operators like cut (!).
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