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Question-1. What is Modula-3?
Answer-1: Modula-3 is a programming language designed for system programming with an emphasis on simplicity and safety.
Question-2. Who developed Modula-3?
Answer-2: Modula-3 was developed by a team led by Luca Cardelli, Jim Donahue, and Greg Nelson at DEC Systems Research Center and Olivetti.
Question-3. What is the primary purpose of Modula-3?
Answer-3: Modula-3 is intended for systems programming, particularly for building robust and maintainable software.
Question-4. What are the key features of Modula-3?
Answer-4: Key features include strong typing, garbage collection, exception handling, and support for multithreading.
Question-5. What is the significance of the "module" in Modula-3?
Answer-5: Modules are the primary organizational structure in Modula-3, encapsulating data and procedures.
Question-6. How does Modula-3 handle type safety?
Answer-6: Modula-3 enforces strict type checking and provides features like strong typing and type-safe interfaces.
Question-7. What is the syntax to declare a module in Modula-3?
Answer-7: Use the MODULE keyword, e.g., MODULE Example; ... END Example.
Question-8. What is an interface in Modula-3?
Answer-8: An interface defines a module's external contract, specifying the types, procedures, and constants it provides.
Question-9. How do you import an interface in Modula-3?
Answer-9: Use the IMPORT statement, e.g., IMPORT Math;.
Question-10. What is the role of garbage collection in Modula-3?
Answer-10: Garbage collection automates memory management, preventing memory leaks and dangling pointers.
Question-11. How do you declare a variable in Modula-3?
Answer-11: Use the VAR keyword, e.g., VAR x: INTEGER;.
Question-12. How does Modula-3 support multithreading?
Answer-12: It provides built-in support for threads and synchronization primitives like mutexes and condition variables.
Question-13. What is a procedure in Modula-3?
Answer-13: A procedure is a function or subroutine, declared with the PROCEDURE keyword.
Question-14. How do you declare a constant in Modula-3?
Answer-14: Use the CONST keyword, e.g., CONST Pi = 3.14159;.
Question-15. How does Modula-3 handle exceptions?
Answer-15: Modula-3 provides TRY, EXCEPT, and FINALLY constructs for structured exception handling.
Question-16. What is the syntax for a WHILE loop in Modula-3?
Answer-16: WHILE condition DO ... END;.
Question-17. What is the TYPECASE statement in Modula-3?
Answer-17: TYPECASE is used for type-safe case analysis of variant records or objects.
Question-18. What is the READONLY keyword in Modula-3?
Answer-18: READONLY specifies that a variable or parameter can be read but not modified.
Question-19. How do you declare a record in Modula-3?
Answer-19: Use the TYPE keyword, e.g., TYPE Person = RECORD name: TEXT; age: INTEGER; END;.
Question-20. What are opaque types in Modula-3?
Answer-20: Opaque types hide implementation details, exposing only their interface for abstraction.
Question-21. How does Modula-3 implement concurrency?
Answer-21: Through lightweight threads and synchronization constructs such as locks and monitors.
Question-22. What is a generic module in Modula-3?
Answer-22: Generic modules allow parameterized code reuse by accepting types or constants as parameters.
Question-23. What is the REF type in Modula-3?
Answer-23: REF is a reference type used for dynamically allocated objects.
Question-24. How do you allocate memory in Modula-3?
Answer-24: Use the NEW keyword, e.g., NEW(ptr);.
Question-25. What is a coroutine in Modula-3?
Answer-25: A coroutine is a thread-like construct allowing cooperative multitasking.
Question-26. How do you declare an array in Modula-3?
Answer-26: Use the ARRAY keyword, e.g., ARRAY [0..9] OF INTEGER;.
Question-27. What are monitors in Modula-3?
Answer-27: Monitors are synchronization constructs that manage access to shared resources in threads.
Question-28. How does Modula-3 enforce module encapsulation?
Answer-28: By separating module implementation (MODULE) from its interface (INTERFACE).
Question-29. What is a "checked runtime error" in Modula-3?
Answer-29: Errors detected at runtime, such as array bounds violations or null dereferences.
Question-30. How do you declare a procedure with parameters in Modula-3?
Answer-30: Use PROCEDURE, e.g., PROCEDURE Add(x, y: INTEGER): INTEGER;.
Question-31. What are untraced references in Modula-3?
Answer-31: Untraced references (UNTRACED REF) bypass garbage collection, useful for low-level control.
Question-32. What is the FOR loop syntax in Modula-3?
Answer-32: FOR i := 1 TO 10 DO ... END;.
Question-33. How do you define an enumerated type in Modula-3?
Answer-33: Use the TYPE keyword, e.g., TYPE Days = {Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri};.
Question-34. What is the difference between VAL and VAR parameters?
Answer-34: VAL passes parameters by value, while VAR passes them by reference.
Question-35. How do you implement file I/O in Modula-3?
Answer-35: Use the File module for reading and writing files.
Question-36. What is a "sealed" object in Modula-3?
Answer-36: A sealed object prevents further extension, enforcing strict type hierarchies.
Question-37. How does Modula-3 handle type extension?
Answer-37: It allows derived types to extend base types using BRANDED and EXTENDS.
Question-38. What is the purpose of the LOCK statement in Modula-3?
Answer-38: LOCK ensures mutual exclusion when accessing shared resources.
Question-39. What is a submodule in Modula-3?
Answer-39: A submodule is a module nested within another module, useful for hierarchical organization.
Question-40. How do you define a thread in Modula-3?
Answer-40: Use the Thread module to create and manage threads.
Question-41. What is the role of the EXCEPTION keyword in Modula-3?
Answer-41: It defines custom exceptions for error handling.
Question-42. How do you implement dynamic type checks in Modula-3?
Answer-42: Use the TYPECASE construct for dynamic type inspection.
Question-43. What is a "variant record" in Modula-3?
Answer-43: A record type with optional fields determined by a tag value, similar to a union.
Question-44. How do you handle string manipulation in Modula-3?
Answer-44: Use the Text module for string operations.
Question-45. What is the syntax for a nested procedure in Modula-3?
Answer-45: PROCEDURE Outer; PROCEDURE Inner; ... END Inner; END Outer;.
Question-46. How does Modula-3 ensure memory safety?
Answer-46: By combining garbage collection, strong typing, and runtime checks.
Question-47. What is the BEGIN block in Modula-3?
Answer-47: A block of code executed when a module or procedure is initialized.
Question-48. How do you terminate a thread in Modula-3?
Answer-48: Use the Thread.Exit() procedure from the Thread module.
Question-49. What is the difference between CONST and READONLY?
Answer-49: CONST defines compile-time constants, while READONLY applies to runtime variables.
Question-50. Why is Modula-3 considered influential?
Answer-50: Modula-3 influenced many modern languages like Java and C#, particularly in type safety and modularity.
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