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Question-1. What is a lambda function in Lisp?
Answer-1: A lambda function is an anonymous function defined using the lambda keyword.
Question-2. How is conditional logic implemented in Lisp?
Answer-2: Conditional logic is implemented using the cond or if constructs.
Question-3. What is the difference between eq, equal, and =, in Common Lisp?
Answer-3: eq checks pointer equality, equal checks structural equality, and = compares numbers.
Question-4. How are loops implemented in Common Lisp?
Answer-4: Common Lisp uses constructs like loop, do, and recursion for iteration.
Question-5. What is the setf function in Common Lisp?
Answer-5: setf is used to update the value of a variable or data structure.
Question-6. What are macros in Lisp?
Answer-6: Macros are code transformations that allow manipulation of program structure before evaluation.
Question-7. What is let used for in Lisp?
Answer-7: let creates local bindings for variables within its body.
Question-8. How does Lisp handle garbage collection?
Answer-8: Lisp languages have built-in garbage collection to manage memory automatically.
Question-9. What is quote in Lisp?
Answer-9: quote prevents evaluation of an expression, treating it as data.
Question-10. What is the difference between Common Lisp and Scheme?
Answer-10: Common Lisp is a multi-paradigm language with more features, while Scheme is minimalistic and focuses on simplicity.
Question-11. How are arrays handled in Common Lisp?
Answer-11: Arrays in Common Lisp are created using make-array and accessed with aref.
Question-12. What is the significance of parentheses in Lisp?
Answer-12: Parentheses are used to delimit lists and expressions, representing both code and data.
Question-13. What is the role of the progn construct in Lisp?
Answer-13: progn evaluates multiple expressions sequentially, returning the value of the last.
Question-14. What is the use of mapcar in Lisp?
Answer-14: mapcar applies a function to each element of one or more lists and returns a new list.
Question-15. What are property lists in Lisp?
Answer-15: Property lists are key-value pairs used for storing metadata or attributes.
Question-16. What is dynamic scoping in Lisp?
Answer-16: Dynamic scoping resolves variable bindings based on the call stack at runtime.
Question-17. How is error handling done in Lisp?
Answer-17: Error handling is done using constructs like handler-case and ignore-errors.
Question-18. What is the apply function in Lisp?
Answer-18: apply calls a function with arguments provided in a list.
Question-19. What is tail recursion, and how does Lisp optimize it?
Answer-19: Tail recursion is a recursion where the recursive call is the last operation, and Lisp optimizes it to prevent stack growth.
Question-20. What are atoms in Lisp?
Answer-20: Atoms are the smallest elements in Lisp, such as symbols or numbers, that are not lists.
Question-21. What is the purpose of eval in Lisp?
Answer-21: eval evaluates a symbolic expression as Lisp code.
Question-22. How are closures implemented in Lisp?
Answer-22: Closures are implemented using lambda functions that capture the environment in which they are created.
Question-23. What is the role of defparameter in Lisp?
Answer-23: defparameter defines a global variable and assigns it an initial value.
Question-24. How does Scheme differ from Common Lisp in terms of standardization?
Answer-24: Scheme is standardized through RnRS reports, while Common Lisp follows the ANSI standard.
Question-25. What is the difference between append and concatenate in Lisp?
Answer-25: append joins lists, while concatenate combines sequences like lists, arrays, or strings.
Question-26. What is the format function in Common Lisp?
Answer-26: format is used for formatted output to strings or streams.
Question-27. What are rest parameters in Lisp?
Answer-27: Rest parameters are denoted by &rest in function definitions to accept variable-length arguments.
Question-28. What is the difference between load and compile in Common Lisp?
Answer-28: load executes source files directly, while compile generates bytecode for efficiency.
Question-29. What is a plist in Common Lisp?
Answer-29: A plist is a property list, a list of alternating keys and values.
Question-30. What is lexical scoping in Scheme?
Answer-30: Lexical scoping resolves variable bindings based on the structure of the code.
Question-31. How is state managed in functional programming with Lisp?
Answer-31: State is managed using immutable data structures or constructs like setf.
Question-32. What is case in Common Lisp?
Answer-32: case is a conditional construct for branching based on matching values.
Question-33. How does Scheme implement continuations?
Answer-33: Scheme implements continuations using the call/cc construct.
Question-34. What is multiple-value-bind in Common Lisp?
Answer-34: multiple-value-bind captures multiple return values from a function and binds them to variables.
Question-35. How does Lisp support metaprogramming?
Answer-35: Lisp supports metaprogramming through macros and the ability to manipulate code as data.
Question-36. What is a function cell in Common Lisp?
Answer-36: A function cell stores the definition of a function associated with a symbol.
Question-37. What is the purpose of gensym in Common Lisp?
Answer-37: gensym generates unique symbols, often used in macros to avoid name conflicts.
Question-38. What is eqv? in Scheme?
Answer-38: eqv? checks for equality of values with minimal guarantees about structural equivalence.
Question-39. How are streams implemented in Common Lisp?
Answer-39: Streams are implemented as objects for input and output, handled by standard functions like read and write.
Question-40. What are reader macros in Lisp?
Answer-40: Reader macros extend the syntax of the language by defining custom behavior for input characters.
Question-41. What is Lisp?
Answer-41: Lisp is a family of programming languages known for its symbolic expression and list processing capabilities.
Question-42. Who created Lisp and when?
Answer-42: Lisp was created by John McCarthy in 1958.
Question-43. What are the main dialects of Lisp?
Answer-43: Common Lisp and Scheme are the two most prominent dialects of Lisp.
Question-44. What does Lisp stand for?
Answer-44: Lisp stands for "LISt Processing."
Question-45. What is a list in Lisp?
Answer-45: A list in Lisp is a fundamental data structure that represents sequences of elements.
Question-46. How are functions defined in Common Lisp?
Answer-46: Functions are defined using the defun keyword, e.g., (defun func-name (args) body).
Question-47. What is car in Lisp?
Answer-47: car is a function that returns the first element of a list.
Question-48. What is cdr in Lisp?
Answer-48: cdr is a function that returns the rest of the list after the first element.
Question-49. What is the purpose of cons in Lisp?
Answer-49: cons constructs a new pair or adds an element to the front of a list.
Question-50. How does Lisp handle recursion?
Answer-50: Lisp supports recursion natively, often used as the primary control flow mechanism.
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