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Question-1. What does Fortran stand for?
Answer-1: Fortran stands for FORmula TRANslation.
Question-2. What is Fortran mainly used for?
Answer-2: Fortran is used for scientific computing, numerical methods, and high-performance computing.
Question-3. When was Fortran first developed?
Answer-3: Fortran was first developed in the 1950s by IBM.
Question-4. What are the major versions of Fortran?
Answer-4: Major versions include Fortran 66, Fortran 77, Fortran 90, Fortran 95, Fortran 2003, Fortran 2008, and Fortran 2018.
Question-5. What is a Fortran program structure?
Answer-5: A Fortran program has a structure that includes Program, Declarations, Executable Statements, and End.
Question-6. What is a Fortran module?
Answer-6: A module is a container for related procedures, functions, and data definitions.
Question-7. What is the purpose of the IMPLICIT NONE statement in Fortran?
Answer-7: It disables implicit typing, requiring explicit declaration of all variables.
Question-8. How are comments written in Fortran?
Answer-8: Comments begin with a ! symbol.
Question-9. What is the difference between Fortran 77 and Fortran 90?
Answer-9: Fortran 90 introduced modern features like modules, array operations, and recursion.
Question-10. What are Fortran intrinsic functions?
Answer-10: Built-in functions such as SIN, COS, SQRT, and SUM.
Question-11. What is the syntax for declaring a variable in Fortran?
Answer-11: Use type declarations like INTEGER :: x, REAL :: y.
Question-12. What is an array in Fortran?
Answer-12: An array is a collection of elements of the same type, declared using dimensions.
Question-13. How do you declare a 2D array in Fortran?
Answer-13: Example: REAL, DIMENSION(3,3) :: matrix.
Question-14. What is the DO loop in Fortran?
Answer-14: A loop structure used for iteration. Example: DO i = 1, 10.
Question-15. What is an END DO statement in Fortran?
Answer-15: It marks the end of a DO loop.
Question-16. What is the IF statement in Fortran?
Answer-16: It is used for conditional execution. Example: IF (x > 0) THEN.
Question-17. How do you write an IF-ELSE construct in Fortran?
Answer-17: Use IF followed by ELSE IF and ELSE statements.
Question-18. What is the difference between FUNCTION and SUBROUTINE in Fortran?
Answer-18: A FUNCTION returns a value, while a SUBROUTINE performs an action but does not return a value.
Question-19. What is a derived type in Fortran?
Answer-19: A user-defined data type created using the TYPE keyword.
Question-20. How is a file opened in Fortran?
Answer-20: Use the OPEN statement, e.g., OPEN(UNIT=10, FILE='data.txt').
Question-21. How do you read data from a file in Fortran?
Answer-21: Use the READ statement, e.g., READ(10, *) var.
Question-22. How do you write data to a file in Fortran?
Answer-22: Use the WRITE statement, e.g., WRITE(10, *) var.
Question-23. What is the purpose of the CLOSE statement in Fortran?
Answer-23: It closes an open file.
Question-24. What is the FORMAT statement in Fortran?
Answer-24: It specifies the layout of input or output. Example: FORMAT('I5').
Question-25. What are Fortran data types?
Answer-25: Common types are INTEGER, REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION, LOGICAL, and CHARACTER.
Question-26. What is the difference between REAL and DOUBLE PRECISION in Fortran?
Answer-26: DOUBLE PRECISION has higher accuracy and uses more storage than REAL.
Question-27. What is dynamic memory allocation in Fortran?
Answer-27: It allows variables or arrays to be allocated at runtime using ALLOCATE.
Question-28. How is memory deallocated in Fortran?
Answer-28: Use the DEALLOCATE statement.
Question-29. What is a pointer in Fortran?
Answer-29: A pointer is a variable that stores the address of a target variable or array.
Question-30. What is the ALLOCATABLE attribute in Fortran?
Answer-30: It declares arrays whose size is determined at runtime.
Question-31. How do you define a subroutine in Fortran?
Answer-31: Use SUBROUTINE and END SUBROUTINE. Example: SUBROUTINE add(x, y, z).
Question-32. How do you call a subroutine in Fortran?
Answer-32: Use the CALL statement, e.g., CALL add(x, y, z).
Question-33. What are modules used for in Fortran?
Answer-33: Modules store procedures, functions, and variables for reuse.
Question-34. What is the USE statement in Fortran?
Answer-34: It imports a module into a program or subprogram.
Question-35. What is recursion in Fortran?
Answer-35: A function that calls itself directly or indirectly.
Question-36. How do you define a recursive function in Fortran?
Answer-36: Use the RECURSIVE keyword in the function definition.
Question-37. What is a parallel loop in Fortran?
Answer-37: It is a loop executed in parallel using OpenMP or other parallel computing techniques.
Question-38. What is the purpose of COMMON blocks in Fortran?
Answer-38: They allow sharing of variables between program units.
Question-39. How is complex arithmetic handled in Fortran?
Answer-39: Use the COMPLEX data type for complex numbers.
Question-40. What is the PARAMETER statement in Fortran?
Answer-40: It defines constants. Example: INTEGER, PARAMETER :: pi = 3.
Question-41. What are INTENT attributes in Fortran?
Answer-41: They specify how arguments are passed to subprograms, e.g., INTENT(IN) or INTENT(OUT).
Question-42. What is the SELECT CASE statement in Fortran?
Answer-42: It is used for multi-way branching based on a variable's value.
Question-43. What is an implicit variable declaration in Fortran?
Answer-43: Variables are automatically typed based on their names unless IMPLICIT NONE is used.
Question-44. How do you declare a constant in Fortran?
Answer-44: Use PARAMETER, e.g., REAL, PARAMETER :: pi = 3.14159.
Question-45. How are strings handled in Fortran?
Answer-45: Strings are declared using the CHARACTER type.
Question-46. What is the purpose of SAVE in Fortran?
Answer-46: It retains the value of a variable across multiple subroutine or function calls.
Question-47. What is an interface block in Fortran?
Answer-47: It declares the interface of an external procedure to ensure type-checking.
Question-48. How does Fortran handle multi-threading?
Answer-48: Using OpenMP or MPI for parallel programming.
Question-49. What is the purpose of STOP in Fortran?
Answer-49: It terminates program execution.
Question-50. What are the advantages of Fortran in scientific computing?
Answer-50: It offers efficient array handling, numerical precision, and extensive scientific libraries.
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