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Question-1. What is Clojure?
Answer-1: Clojure is a modern, functional, and dynamic Lisp dialect that runs on the JVM.
Question-2. Who created Clojure?
Answer-2: Clojure was created by Rich Hickey in 2007.
Question-3. What are the key features of Clojure?
Answer-3: Key features include immutability, functional programming, simplicity, and JVM interoperability.
Question-4. How does Clojure handle immutability?
Answer-4: Clojure uses immutable data structures by default.
Question-5. What is a REPL in Clojure?
Answer-5: REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop) is an interactive shell for evaluating Clojure code.
Question-6. What are the data structures in Clojure?
Answer-6: Clojure's core data structures include lists, vectors, maps, and sets.
Question-7. How does Clojure implement concurrency?
Answer-7: Concurrency is managed using software transactional memory (STM), atoms, refs, and agents.
Question-8. What is the difference between let and def in Clojure?
Answer-8: let defines local bindings, while def creates global variables.
Question-9. How are lists represented in Clojure?
Answer-9: Lists are represented with parentheses, e.g., (1 2 3).
Question-10. What is the significance of the namespace in Clojure?
Answer-10: Namespaces organize code and prevent naming conflicts.
Question-11. What are macros in Clojure?
Answer-11: Macros are constructs that generate code at compile time, enabling metaprogramming.
Question-12. What is the purpose of the map function in Clojure?
Answer-12: The map function applies a given function to each element of a collection.
Question-13. How does Clojure handle recursion?
Answer-13: Clojure uses tail-call optimization through the recur keyword for efficient recursion.
Question-14. What is a keyword in Clojure?
Answer-14: A keyword is a symbolic identifier that begins with a colon, e.g., :key.
Question-15. What is the role of defn in Clojure?
Answer-15: defn is used to define named functions.
Question-16. What is the atom in Clojure?
Answer-16: An atom provides a way to manage shared, mutable state with safe updates.
Question-17. How are vectors represented in Clojure?
Answer-17: Vectors are ordered collections, represented with square brackets, e.g., [1 2 3].
Question-18. What are lazy sequences in Clojure?
Answer-18: Lazy sequences are collections whose elements are computed only when needed.
Question-19. What is the role of reduce in Clojure?
Answer-19: reduce applies a function cumulatively to the elements of a collection, reducing it to a single value.
Question-20. How does Clojure achieve JVM interoperability?
Answer-20: Clojure can call Java methods and use Java libraries directly.
Question-21. What is the difference between do and doseq in Clojure?
Answer-21: do evaluates multiple expressions sequentially; doseq iterates over a collection for side effects.
Question-22. What is the role of fn in Clojure?
Answer-22: fn is used to define anonymous functions.
Question-23. How are hash maps represented in Clojure?
Answer-23: Hash maps are represented with curly braces, e.g., {:key "value"}.
Question-24. What is a transducer in Clojure?
Answer-24: Transducers are composable and reusable transformations of data.
Question-25. How do you handle exceptions in Clojure?
Answer-25: Exceptions are handled using the try, catch, and finally constructs.
Question-26. What is the purpose of the filter function in Clojure?
Answer-26: filter selects elements from a collection that satisfy a given predicate.
Question-27. How does Clojure handle polymorphism?
Answer-27: Polymorphism is achieved through protocols and multimethods.
Question-28. What is a protocol in Clojure?
Answer-28: Protocols define a set of methods that different types can implement.
Question-29. What are multimethods in Clojure?
Answer-29: Multimethods are functions that dispatch to different implementations based on input types.
Question-30. What is the apply function in Clojure?
Answer-30: apply calls a function with arguments supplied as a collection.
Question-31. How do you define metadata in Clojure?
Answer-31: Metadata is defined using the ^ symbol, e.g., ^:private.
Question-32. What is the significance of immutability in Clojure?
Answer-32: Immutability simplifies concurrency and reduces bugs by avoiding mutable state.
Question-33. How are sets represented in Clojure?
Answer-33: Sets are unordered collections, represented with #{} syntax.
Question-34. What is the role of lazy-cat in Clojure?
Answer-34: lazy-cat concatenates lazy sequences.
Question-35. What is the purpose of the loop keyword in Clojure?
Answer-35: loop creates a block of code with rebindable variables for iterative computations.
Question-36. What is an agent in Clojure?
Answer-36: An agent is used for asynchronous state management in a thread-safe manner.
Question-37. How does Clojure handle parallelism?
Answer-37: Parallelism is achieved using functions like pmap and future.
Question-38. What is the difference between quote and unquote in Clojure?
Answer-38: quote prevents evaluation of a form; unquote allows evaluation within a quoted form.
Question-39. What is the purpose of the require function in Clojure?
Answer-39: require loads and references namespaces.
Question-40. What is the role of future in Clojure?
Answer-40: future executes computations asynchronously in a separate thread.
Question-41. What is an arity in Clojure?
Answer-41: Arity refers to the number of arguments a function accepts.
Question-42. How does Clojure support functional programming?
Answer-42: Clojure emphasizes immutability, higher-order functions, and first-class functions.
Question-43. What is the purpose of partition in Clojure?
Answer-43: partition divides a collection into sub-sequences of specified size.
Question-44. What is the role of ns in Clojure?
Answer-44: ns defines a namespace and its dependencies.
Question-45. What is the difference between cond and case in Clojure?
Answer-45: cond evaluates multiple conditions; case matches values directly for faster dispatch.
Question-46. How does Clojure achieve code reuse?
Answer-46: Code reuse is achieved through higher-order functions, macros, and protocols.
Question-47. What is the eval function in Clojure?
Answer-47: eval evaluates a Clojure expression at runtime.
Question-48. What is the role of ref in Clojure?
Answer-48: ref is used for managing shared, coordinated state in STM.
Question-49. How do you perform destructuring in Clojure?
Answer-49: Destructuring extracts values from collections using pattern matching in bindings.
Question-50. What is the threading macro in Clojure?
Answer-50: Threading macros like -> and ->> simplify nested function calls.
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