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Question-1. What is a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)?
Answer-1: A VPC is a logically isolated section of a cloud provider's network where you can launch resources in a virtual network.
Question-2. What are subnets in a VPC?
Answer-2: Subnets are subdivisions of a VPC's IP address range used to organize and secure resources.
Question-3. What is the purpose of a firewall in cloud networking?
Answer-3: Firewalls control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security rules.
Question-4. How does a VPC provide network isolation?
Answer-4: By creating a virtual network separate from other tenants with customizable IP ranges and routing.
Question-5. What is the difference between public and private subnets?
Answer-5: Public subnets have direct internet access; private subnets do not and are used for internal resources.
Question-6. What is an Internet Gateway in VPC?
Answer-6: An Internet Gateway enables communication between instances in the VPC and the internet.
Question-7. What is a NAT Gateway?
Answer-7: A NAT Gateway allows instances in private subnets to access the internet without exposing them to inbound connections.
Question-8. How are VPC security groups different from network ACLs?
Answer-8: Security groups are stateful firewalls applied to instances, while ACLs are stateless filters at the subnet level.
Question-9. Can you explain what CIDR notation is?
Answer-9: CIDR notation defines IP address ranges, e.g., 192.168.1.0/24, indicating a block of IPs.
Question-10. What is route table in VPC?
Answer-10: A route table contains rules that determine where network traffic is directed.
Question-11. How does subnet mask relate to subnets?
Answer-11: Subnet masks define the size of the subnet and which part of the IP address is the network vs host.
Question-12. What is a private IP address in cloud networking?
Answer-12: An IP address not routable on the internet, used for internal communication.
Question-13. What is a public IP address?
Answer-13: An IP address reachable over the internet.
Question-14. How do security groups work in a VPC?
Answer-14: Security groups act as virtual firewalls controlling inbound and outbound traffic for instances.
Question-15. What is a bastion host?
Answer-15: A secure server used to access instances in private subnets.
Question-16. How can you restrict access to a subnet?
Answer-16: By configuring network ACLs and security group rules.
Question-17. What is a DHCP option set in VPC?
Answer-17: DHCP options configure network settings like DNS servers for instances in a VPC.
Question-18. How do network ACLs differ from security groups in terms of state?
Answer-18: Network ACLs are stateless, requiring explicit inbound and outbound rules; security groups are stateful.
Question-19. What is peering in VPC?
Answer-19: VPC peering connects two VPCs to route traffic privately.
Question-20. Can subnets span multiple availability zones?
Answer-20: No, each subnet resides within a single availability zone.
Question-21. What is an Elastic IP address?
Answer-21: A static public IP address that can be associated with cloud resources.
Question-22. How does a firewall rule typically define traffic?
Answer-22: By protocol, port range, and source/destination IP.
Question-23. What are the benefits of using subnets?
Answer-23: Subnets improve security, traffic management, and availability.
Question-24. What is a default VPC?
Answer-24: A VPC automatically created by cloud providers with default subnets and configurations.
Question-25. How do you isolate different environments (dev test prod) in the cloud?
Answer-25: By using separate VPCs or subnets with distinct security controls.
Question-26. What is a VPN connection in cloud networking?
Answer-26: A secure tunnel connecting on-premise networks to cloud VPCs.
Question-27. What is the difference between a stateful and stateless firewall?
Answer-27: Stateful tracks connection states; stateless treats each packet independently.
Question-28. How do you control outbound internet access in a private subnet?
Answer-28: Using a NAT Gateway or NAT instance.
Question-29. What is a security group rule default behavior?
Answer-29: By default, all inbound traffic is denied, and outbound traffic is allowed.
Question-30. How do you log network traffic in a VPC?
Answer-30: Using VPC flow logs to capture IP traffic data.
Question-31. What is an endpoint in cloud networking?
Answer-31: A private connection between a VPC and a supported service without using the internet.
Question-32. What is subnet CIDR block?
Answer-32: The IP address range assigned to a subnet within the VPC.
Question-33. How do you connect two VPCs in different regions?
Answer-33: Using inter-region VPC peering or VPN connections.
Question-34. What is a firewall rule priority?
Answer-34: It determines the order in which rules are evaluated.
Question-35. Can you assign multiple security groups to an instance?
Answer-35: Yes, multiple security groups can be attached to a single instance.
Question-36. What is a route propagation in VPN or Direct Connect?
Answer-36: Automatically adding routes from the VPN gateway to the route tables.
Question-37. How does NAT differ from a firewall?
Answer-37: NAT translates private IPs to public IPs; firewalls control traffic flow.
Question-38. What is a subnet?s availability zone significance?
Answer-38: It defines the physical data center location for fault tolerance.
Question-39. What is the maximum size of a VPC CIDR block?
Answer-39: Typically, a VPC supports up to a /16 CIDR block (65,536 IP addresses).
Question-40. How do firewall rules affect inbound traffic?
Answer-40: They determine which inbound packets are allowed or denied.
Question-41. What is the use of a security group egress rule?
Answer-41: To control outbound traffic leaving instances.
Question-42. Can you explain what ?stateful? means in security groups?
Answer-42: It means return traffic for allowed inbound connections is automatically allowed.
Question-43. What is a network interface in cloud networking?
Answer-43: A virtual network card attached to an instance.
Question-44. How can you ensure high availability with VPC subnets?
Answer-44: By distributing subnets across multiple availability zones.
Question-45. What is the purpose of a route table association?
Answer-45: To link a subnet to a specific route table.
Question-46. How do you secure communication between subnets?
Answer-46: Using security groups, network ACLs, and encryption.
Question-47. What is the difference between an Internet Gateway and NAT Gateway?
Answer-47: Internet Gateway allows inbound/outbound internet access; NAT Gateway only allows outbound for private subnets.
Question-48. What is a proxy server in cloud networking?
Answer-48: An intermediary that forwards client requests to other servers.
Question-49. How can firewall rules be organized for management?
Answer-49: By grouping rules using tags or rule sets.
Question-50. What is a default security group?
Answer-50: A security group automatically assigned to new VPCs with permissive rules.
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