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Question-1. What is network latency?
Answer-1: Network latency is the time it takes for a data packet to travel from the source to the destination across a network.
Question-2. What are the main causes of network latency?
Answer-2: Causes include propagation delay, transmission delay, processing delay, and queuing delay.
Question-3. How does propagation delay affect latency?
Answer-3: Propagation delay depends on the physical distance data travels and the speed of the transmission medium.
Question-4. What is transmission delay?
Answer-4: Transmission delay is the time required to push all the packet's bits onto the link.
Question-5. What is processing delay in networking?
Answer-5: Processing delay is the time routers or switches take to process the packet header and decide where to forward it.
Question-6. How does queuing delay contribute to network latency?
Answer-6: Queuing delay occurs when packets wait in a queue before being transmitted, often caused by network congestion.
Question-7. What is jitter?
Answer-7: Jitter is the variation in packet arrival time, which can impact real-time applications like voice and video.
Question-8. How can network congestion increase latency?
Answer-8: Congestion causes packets to be queued or dropped, increasing delays and retransmissions.
Question-9. What is round-trip time (RTT)?
Answer-9: RTT is the time it takes for a packet to go from source to destination and back again.
Question-10. How does bandwidth relate to network latency?
Answer-10: Bandwidth is the capacity of the link, which affects throughput, but not directly latency.
Question-11. What is the difference between latency and bandwidth?
Answer-11: Latency is the delay before data transfer begins; bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer.
Question-12. How does TCP slow start affect network latency?
Answer-12: TCP slow start ramps up transmission rate gradually, which can increase initial latency for connections.
Question-13. What tools can be used to measure network latency?
Answer-13: Tools include ping, traceroute, iperf, and network monitoring software.
Question-14. How can DNS resolution impact network latency?
Answer-14: Slow DNS resolution adds delays before connections can be established.
Question-15. What is the impact of physical distance on latency?
Answer-15: Greater distance means higher propagation delay, increasing latency.
Question-16. How does routing affect network latency?
Answer-16: Suboptimal routing paths increase the distance and number of hops, adding latency.
Question-17. What is packet loss and how does it affect latency?
Answer-17: Packet loss causes retransmissions, increasing overall latency.
Question-18. How can TCP window size optimization reduce latency?
Answer-18: Larger TCP windows allow more data in flight, reducing wait times for acknowledgments.
Question-19. What role does MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) play in latency?
Answer-19: Incorrect MTU sizes cause fragmentation, increasing processing and transmission delays.
Question-20. How can network caching reduce latency?
Answer-20: Caching stores frequently accessed data closer to the user, reducing retrieval time.
Question-21. What is content delivery network (CDN) and how does it optimize latency?
Answer-21: A CDN distributes content to edge servers near users, reducing distance and latency.
Question-22. How does load balancing affect network latency?
Answer-22: Proper load balancing prevents bottlenecks and evenly distributes traffic, minimizing latency.
Question-23. What is the effect of TCP congestion control on latency?
Answer-23: TCP congestion control reduces packet loss but may increase latency due to rate limiting.
Question-24. How can Quality of Service (QoS) improve latency?
Answer-24: QoS prioritizes latency-sensitive traffic, reducing delay for critical applications.
Question-25. What is the role of edge computing in latency optimization?
Answer-25: Edge computing processes data near the source, reducing round-trip times and latency.
Question-26. How do WAN optimizers help reduce network latency?
Answer-26: WAN optimizers compress, deduplicate, and optimize traffic to reduce transmission delays.
Question-27. What is protocol overhead and how does it impact latency?
Answer-27: Protocol overhead adds extra data to packets, increasing size and processing time.
Question-28. How can using UDP instead of TCP affect latency?
Answer-28: UDP reduces latency by eliminating connection setup and retransmission overhead but sacrifices reliability.
Question-29. What is a persistent connection and how does it reduce latency?
Answer-29: Persistent connections reuse the same TCP connection for multiple requests, avoiding repeated handshakes.
Question-30. How can packet prioritization help latency-sensitive applications?
Answer-30: It ensures critical packets are transmitted first, reducing delays.
Question-31. What is path MTU discovery and why is it important?
Answer-31: It detects the maximum MTU size along a path to avoid fragmentation and reduce delays.
Question-32. How does network virtualization impact latency?
Answer-32: Network virtualization can add processing overhead but also allows better traffic management to reduce latency.
Question-33. What techniques can reduce latency in wireless networks?
Answer-33: Techniques include channel bonding, MIMO, beamforming, and reducing interference.
Question-34. How does TCP Fast Open improve latency?
Answer-34: It reduces connection setup time by sending data during the TCP handshake.
Question-35. What is the impact of encryption on network latency?
Answer-35: Encryption adds processing overhead, which can increase latency.
Question-36. How can compression techniques optimize latency?
Answer-36: Compression reduces data size, decreasing transmission time and improving latency.
Question-37. What role does bufferbloat play in increasing latency?
Answer-37: Bufferbloat occurs when excessive buffering causes high latency and jitter.
Question-38. How can TCP selective acknowledgments (SACK) help reduce latency?
Answer-38: SACK allows selective retransmission of lost packets, reducing unnecessary delays.
Question-39. How does multipath routing affect latency?
Answer-39: Multipath routing can reduce latency by selecting the fastest path dynamically.
Question-40. What is the impact of network hardware on latency?
Answer-40: High-performance routers and switches reduce processing delays, lowering latency.
Question-41. How can software-defined networking (SDN) optimize latency?
Answer-41: SDN enables dynamic routing and traffic prioritization to minimize latency.
Question-42. What is the effect of congestion control algorithms on latency?
Answer-42: Different algorithms balance throughput and latency; aggressive algorithms may reduce latency but increase loss.
Question-43. How do TCP keepalive packets influence latency?
Answer-43: Keepalive packets maintain idle connections but add minimal latency overhead.
Question-44. What is the relationship between latency and throughput?
Answer-44: Latency affects the responsiveness of a network, while throughput measures the volume of data transferred; both impact performance but differently.
Question-45. How can HTTP/2 reduce latency compared to HTTP/1.1?
Answer-45: HTTP/2 multiplexes multiple requests over a single connection, reducing latency from connection overhead.
Question-46. What are some common latency optimization strategies for video streaming?
Answer-46: Strategies include adaptive bitrate streaming, CDN use, and buffering techniques.
Question-47. How does network topology influence latency?
Answer-47: Simpler, shorter topologies reduce hop count and propagation delay, lowering latency.
Question-48. What is the role of TCP/IP stack tuning in latency optimization?
Answer-48: Tuning parameters like window size and retransmission timers can improve latency performance.
Question-49. How can proactive monitoring help reduce network latency?
Answer-49: It identifies bottlenecks early, allowing timely optimization and preventing latency spikes.
Question-50. Why is minimizing latency critical for real-time applications?
Answer-50: Because delays degrade user experience and can cause failures in applications like gaming, VoIP, and financial trading.
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