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Question-1. What is a monolithic architecture?
Answer-1: A monolithic architecture is a single unified software application where all components are interconnected and managed as a single unit.
Question-2. What are microservices?
Answer-2: Microservices are a cloud architecture pattern where an application is divided into small, independent services that communicate over APIs.
Question-3. What are the main advantages of monolithic architecture?
Answer-3: Simple development and deployment, easier debugging, and less operational overhead.
Question-4. What are the disadvantages of monolithic architecture?
Answer-4: Difficult to scale, maintain, and update; a change in one part requires redeploying the entire app.
Question-5. How do microservices improve scalability?
Answer-5: Each service can be scaled independently based on demand.
Question-6. What communication methods are used in microservices?
Answer-6: Common methods include REST APIs, gRPC, message queues, and event streaming.
Question-7. How does deployment differ between monolithic and microservices architectures?
Answer-7: Monolithic apps are deployed as one unit; microservices are deployed independently.
Question-8. What challenges come with microservices architecture?
Answer-8: Complexity in deployment, service discovery, data consistency, and inter-service communication.
Question-9. Can a monolithic application be converted to microservices?
Answer-9: Yes, through a process called decomposition or refactoring.
Question-10. What is service discovery in microservices?
Answer-10: A mechanism for dynamically locating microservice instances in a network.
Question-11. What role does an API Gateway play in microservices?
Answer-11: It acts as a single entry point to multiple microservices, handling routing, security, and load balancing.
Question-12. How does fault tolerance differ between monolithic and microservices?
Answer-12: Microservices can isolate failures to a single service, while monolithic failure can bring down the entire app.
Question-13. What is database management like in monolithic apps?
Answer-13: Typically, a single centralized database is used.
Question-14. How do microservices handle data?
Answer-14: Each microservice can have its own database, enabling decentralized data management.
Question-15. What is the impact of microservices on team structure?
Answer-15: Teams can be organized around individual services, enabling independent development.
Question-16. What are the common patterns for microservices communication?
Answer-16: Synchronous (HTTP/REST) and asynchronous (message queues, events).
Question-17. How does monitoring differ in monolithic vs microservices?
Answer-17: Microservices require distributed tracing and centralized logging to track multiple services.
Question-18. What is eventual consistency in microservices?
Answer-18: A consistency model where data changes propagate asynchronously, allowing temporary inconsistencies.
Question-19. What is the role of containerization in microservices?
Answer-19: Containers help package and deploy microservices consistently across environments.
Question-20. Why is DevOps important for microservices?
Answer-20: Because independent services require automated CI/CD pipelines for efficient deployment.
Question-21. What is the impact of network latency in microservices?
Answer-21: Network calls between services can increase latency compared to in-process calls in monoliths.
Question-22. What is a domain-driven design (DDD) in microservices?
Answer-22: DDD is an approach to design microservices around business domains.
Question-23. How do microservices handle security?
Answer-23: Through API security, authentication, authorization, and secure service-to-service communication.
Question-24. Can monolithic apps handle high traffic?
Answer-24: They can, but scaling requires scaling the entire app, which is less efficient.
Question-25. What is the strangler pattern?
Answer-25: A technique to gradually replace parts of a monolithic app with microservices.
Question-26. What is an anti-corruption layer in microservices?
Answer-26: A layer that translates between legacy systems and new microservices to prevent coupling.
Question-27. What are the common data challenges in microservices?
Answer-27: Handling transactions across services and maintaining data consistency.
Question-28. How does logging work in microservices?
Answer-28: Centralized logging aggregators collect logs from multiple services for analysis.
Question-29. What is circuit breaker pattern?
Answer-29: A design pattern to handle service failures gracefully by stopping calls to failing services temporarily.
Question-30. How do microservices handle versioning?
Answer-30: Services are versioned independently to manage backward compatibility.
Question-31. What is the role of orchestration in microservices?
Answer-31: To automate deployment, scaling, and management of containers and services.
Question-32. What cloud services support microservices architecture?
Answer-32: Kubernetes, AWS ECS/EKS, Azure AKS, Google Kubernetes Engine.
Question-33. What are the challenges of testing microservices?
Answer-33: Complex integration testing due to multiple independent services.
Question-34. How do microservices improve fault isolation?
Answer-34: Failures in one service do not directly impact others.
Question-35. What is the impact of microservices on database design?
Answer-35: Leads to polyglot persistence, where different services use different databases.
Question-36. What are monolithic applications best suited for?
Answer-36: Small to medium applications with limited complexity and lower scalability needs.
Question-37. How is scalability achieved in monolithic architecture?
Answer-37: By vertical scaling (increasing resources of a single server).
Question-38. What is service mesh and its relevance to microservices?
Answer-38: A dedicated infrastructure layer for handling service-to-service communication, security, and observability.
Question-39. What are the challenges of data migration from monolithic to microservices?
Answer-39: Ensuring data consistency and minimizing downtime during transition.
Question-40. How do you handle transactions in microservices?
Answer-40: Using distributed transactions or eventual consistency with compensating actions.
Question-41. What role does event-driven architecture play in microservices?
Answer-41: It enables asynchronous communication and decouples services.
Question-42. What is the impact on deployment frequency between monolithic and microservices?
Answer-42: Microservices enable more frequent and independent deployments.
Question-43. How does fault tolerance improve in microservices?
Answer-43: By isolating faults and enabling retries or fallback mechanisms.
Question-44. What are the costs considerations for microservices?
Answer-44: Increased operational complexity and resource usage may raise costs.
Question-45. How does observability differ between the two architectures?
Answer-45: Microservices require more complex observability with tracing and metrics across services.
Question-46. What is the impact on developer productivity?
Answer-46: Microservices can increase productivity by enabling smaller focused teams.
Question-47. What is a bounded context?
Answer-47: A boundary defining a microservice?s domain and responsibilities.
Question-48. How do you manage API versioning in microservices?
Answer-48: By supporting multiple versions simultaneously and deprecating older versions gradually.
Question-49. What is the role of caching in microservices?
Answer-49: To improve performance by reducing redundant calls to services or databases.
Question-50. What are the main trade-offs between monolithic and microservices?
Answer-50: Monoliths offer simplicity and ease of deployment; microservices provide scalability, flexibility, and fault isolation but with increased complexity.
Frequently Asked Question and Answer on Cloud Architecture Patterns (Monolithic, Microservices)
Cloud Architecture Patterns (Monolithic, Microservices) Interview Questions and Answers in PDF form Online
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