Sampling and Quantization Interview Questions Answers
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Question-1. What is sampling in the context of signal processing?
Answer-1: Sampling refers to the process of converting a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time signal by capturing its amplitude values at regularly spaced intervals of time.
Question-2. Why is sampling necessary in signal processing?
Answer-2: Sampling is necessary to convert continuous-time signals, such as those found in the natural world, into digital signals that can be processed, stored, and transmitted by computers and digital devices.
Question-3. What is the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem?
Answer-3: The Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem states that to accurately reconstruct a continuous-time signal from its samples, the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency component present in the signal.
Question-4. What is the sampling frequency?
Answer-4: The sampling frequency, also known as the sampling rate, is the number of samples taken per unit of time during the sampling process. It is usually measured in hertz (Hz).
Question-5. What is aliasing in the context of sampling?
Answer-5: Aliasing occurs when a signal is sampled at a frequency lower than the Nyquist rate, resulting in distorted or false representations of higher frequency components in the reconstructed signal.
Question-6. What is quantization?
Answer-6: Quantization is the process of approximating the continuous amplitude values of a signal by assigning discrete amplitude levels to each sample.
Question-7. What is the quantization error?
Answer-7: The quantization error is the difference between the original continuous amplitude value of a signal and its quantized representation.
Question-8. How is quantization error typically minimized?
Answer-8: Quantization error can be minimized by using a finer quantization step size or increasing the number of quantization levels, which results in a higher resolution quantization.
Question-9. What are the effects of quantization on signal quality?
Answer-9: Quantization introduces distortion to the signal due to the approximation of continuous amplitude values, which can result in a loss of signal fidelity and introduce noise.
Question-10. What is the relationship between quantization levels and signal resolution?
Answer-10: The number of quantization levels determines the resolution of the quantized signal; higher numbers of quantization levels result in finer resolution and reduced quantization error.
Question-11. What is uniform quantization?
Answer-11: Uniform quantization is a quantization technique where the difference between consecutive quantization levels is constant across the entire range of the signal.
Question-12. What is non-uniform quantization?
Answer-12: Non-uniform quantization is a quantization technique where the difference between consecutive quantization levels varies across the range of the signal, typically to allocate more quantization levels to regions with higher signal energy.
Question-13. What is the significance of the quantization step size?
Answer-13: The quantization step size determines the level of detail or precision with which the signal amplitude values are represented; smaller step sizes result in finer quantization and lower quantization error.
Question-14. How does oversampling affect quantization?
Answer-14: Oversampling involves sampling a signal at a rate higher than the Nyquist rate, which can improve the accuracy of quantization and reduce quantization noise by spreading the noise energy over a wider frequency range.
Question-15. What is dithering in quantization?
Answer-15: Dithering is a technique used to reduce quantization distortion by adding low-amplitude noise to the signal before quantization, which helps distribute quantization error more evenly and reduces perceptible distortion.
Question-16. What are the applications of sampling and quantization?
Answer-16: Sampling and quantization are fundamental processes in digital signal processing, used in applications such as audio and video recording, image processing, telecommunications, and scientific data analysis.
Question-17. How does the bit depth of quantization affect signal quality?
Answer-17: The bit depth, or the number of bits used to represent each sample, directly affects the dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratio of the quantized signal; higher bit depths result in better signal quality but require more storage or bandwidth.
Question-18. What are some common quantization techniques used in digital audio?
Answer-18: Common quantization techniques used in digital audio include pulse code modulation (PCM), delta modulation, and adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM).
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